India's anti-ragging framework: How laws and implementation gaps affect students

India's anti-ragging framework, strengthened after Aman Kachroo's 2009 death, includes Supreme Court directives and UGC regulations mandating strict institutional responsibilities, individual affidavits, and criminal penalties. Despite a robust legal and regulatory structure, enforcement gaps persist due to poor institutional compliance, limited awareness, and lack of training. Recent incidents underline the need for improved monitoring, training, and student engagement. While the framework exists, consistent nationwide implementation remains the central challenge.